手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。
压迫：如食管癌、甲状腺癌等压迫气管，需要及时气管切开；若脑转移或脑肿瘤压迫中枢神经，需及时进行颅内减压处理等。
The central function of DNA hurt and epigenetic defects in DNA mend genes in carcinogenesis The classical watch of most cancers can be a list of conditions pushed by progressive genetic abnormalities that come with mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes, As well as in chromosomal abnormalities. A task for epigenetic alterations was identified from the early twenty first century.[103]
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not directly cause cancer nonetheless it triggers immune deficiency that can Enlarge the chance as a consequence of other bacterial infections, from time to time nearly many thousandfold (in the case of Kaposi's sarcoma). Importantly, vaccination against the hepatitis B virus and also the human papillomavirus are actually shown to just about eliminate the chance of cancers brought on by these viruses in folks effectively vaccinated prior to infection.
[188] The effectiveness of chemotherapy is commonly restricted by its toxicity to other tissues in the body. Regardless if chemotherapy won't supply a permanent get rid of, it may be handy to cut back symptoms which include pain or to lessen the measurement of the inoperable tumor within the hope that operation will develop into feasible Down the road.[citation required]
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用醫學影像技術檢測癌症，也遭遇類似問題。這些醫學影像檢測技術都是成本相當高且耗費時間。由於偵測的靈敏度極高，常發現細胞病變（英语：incidentaloma），這樣的腫瘤也可以被認為惡性，而進行具有潛在危險性的治療方法。
Western conceptions of clients' rights for those with cancer include a responsibility to completely disclose the professional medical situation to the individual, and the appropriate to engage in shared selection-creating in a method that respects the person's own values. In other cultures, other legal rights and values are favored. For instance, most African cultures worth whole households in lieu of individualism. In parts of Africa, a analysis is usually produced so late that heal is impossible, and cure, if out there whatsoever, would swiftly bankrupt the relatives. On account of these things, African Health care vendors often Enable relatives decide irrespective of whether, when And the way to disclose the diagnosis, and they tend to take action slowly but surely and circuitously, as the individual demonstrates curiosity and an power to cope While using the grim information.
The word comes from The traditional Greek καρκίνος, that means 'crab' and 'tumor'. Greek physicians 癌症 Hippocrates and Galen, among the Many others, observed the similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The word was released in English in the modern professional medical feeling around 1600.[28]
許多預防癌症的想法是根據流行病學的研究而來，分析病患的資料可發現生活方式或是接觸一些環境危險因子的確與特定癌症的發生機率相關。越來越多的證據顯示，根據流行病學研究所提出的建議改善，確實可以讓癌症發病率和死亡率降低。
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恶性肿瘤生长迅速，可在短时间内快速增大，为外生性或浸润性生长，影像学检查通常界限不清，常继发出血、坏死、溃疡等变化，组织病理学特征为分化差、异型性大、可见病理性核分裂像，对机体的伤害大，会破坏机体组织结构及功能，易复发、转移，致死率高。
用于有可能发展为癌症的患者，如隐睾、家族性结肠息肉病、乳腺不典型增生、口腔白斑、遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征等。